American Business History and Civil Liberties.

One of the difficult church–state issues is determining when the use of religious language by the government violates the Establishment Clause.

As a result of the need for intelligence on the Axis Powers during World War II, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was created. After the war, policy makers realized the need for foreign intelligence.

In 1973, when an oil embargo caused fuel shortages, the New York Public Service Commission issued a regulation prohibiting electric companies from advertising to promote electricity use.

In 1859, Carrie Chapman Catt was born Carrie Clinton Lane in Wisconsin. She and her family soon moved to Iowa where she graduated with a bachelor’s degree from Iowa State Agricultural College in 1880.

The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable realignment of the Roman Catholic Church with the cause of religious liberty.

The ‘‘categorical approach’’ is a method of judging where decisions are reached through use of a preestablished system of classifications or categories.

The Supreme Court has held that, under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, police officers must obtain a warrant to engage in a search or a seizure. . .

This relatively minor case is remembered not for the issue supposedly before the Court, but for a footnote that in the eyes of many scholars launched a constitutional revolution.

Whether, and to what extent, minors should enjoy the same constitutional rights as adults is one of the most vexing and unsettled questions of constitutional law.

Benjamin Nathan Cardozo was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in New York City in 1870.

The idea that speech may be curbed to protect the sensibilities of an audience held captive by the speaker is rooted in the notion that governmental power. . .

Capitol Square is a 10-acre, state-owned plaza surrounding the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio.

Proportionality in principle justifies, limits, or condemns capital punishment. That deeply held common value—that punishment must not be grossly disproportionate to the crime—dominates U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence.

Jurisdictions with capital punishment use one or more of the following methods to implement the sentence: hanging, firing squad, electrocution, lethal gas, and lethal injection.

Lynching has a long history in the United States, beginning at least around the time of the Revolutionary War.

It will be useful to examine this topic by examining six eras of American history.

Until recent years, the execution of innocents was mostly an abstract debate.

The U. S. Supreme Court has interpreted the prohibition on ‘‘cruel and unusual punishments’’ in the Eighth Amendment to regulate but not forbid the use of capital punishment.

The Due Process Clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution have played an important role in efforts to promote fairness in the use of capital punishment.

When Congress in the mid-1990s began considering reforms of federal post-conviction review, lawmakers faced an ongoing dilemma about the scope of habeas corpus law.

In the 1972 case of Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, the Supreme Court struck down the death penalties of three men.

After its finding the death penalty unconstitutional in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), in 1976, the Supreme Court confronted newly enacted death penalty statutes from five states.

Felony murder must not be confused with murder during the course of a felony. Murder during the course of a felony is an ordinary, intentional murder.

Appellate review should ensure that no death sentence is handed down in an arbitrary and capricious manner.