The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was a major U.S. UNION during the early 20th century; today it is a small international union. Established in Chicago in 1905, the IWW (or “wobblies” as they came to be called) was one of the first industrial unions. These differed from CRAFT UNIONS in that industrial unions attempted to organize all workers in a factory or industry, while craft unions limited membership to workers with a particular skill. One IWW pamphlet stated, “The directory of unions of Chicago shows in 1903 a total of 56 different unions in the packing houses, divided up still more in 14 different trades unions of the AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. . . . What a horrible example of an army divided against itself in the face of a strong combination of employers.” The IWW defined itself as “One Big Union” undivided by sex, race, or skills. At the time this was a radical goal, earning IWW members labels as anarchists and socialists. Big Bill Haywood, leader of the Western Federation of Miners, stated at the 1905 meeting, “The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and distribution, without regard to the capitalist masters.” IWW membership probably never exceeded 10,000 people at any one time. Its leaders moved from one industrial conflict to another, and many were arrested frequently, often under anti-speech ordinances imposed to stifle union efforts. Joe Hill, an IWW organizer among western railroad workers, was accused of killing a grocer in Salt Lake City. Convicted and executed in 1915, he became famous to recent generations through a Joan Baez ballad. Joe Hill was an African American. One of the IWW principles was the inclusion of workers from any race or nationality, a revolutionary practice at the time. When Big Bill Haywood was invited to speak to the Brotherhood of Timber Workers in Louisiana in 1912, he asked why there were no blacks present and was told it was illegal to have interracial meetings. Haywood argued, “If it is against the law, this is one time when the law should be broken,” and blacks were invited to the convention. With the outbreak of World War I, union activity declined, and the IWW diminished as an agent of change in the American labor movement. Today the IWW describes itself as “a union dedicated to organizing on the job, in our industries and in our communities both to win better conditions today and build a world without bosses, a world in which production and distribution are organized by workers ourselves to meet the needs of the entire population, not merely a handful of exploiters.”