Return-on-investment ratios compare measures of benefits, such as earnings or net income, with measures of investment.

Investment management is the specialty area within finance dealing with the management of individual or institutional funds.

Financial management, sometimes called business finance, is the specialty area of finance concerned with financial decision-making within a business entity.

The specialty fi eld of capital markets and capital market theory focuses on the study of the fi nancial system, the structure of interest rates, and the pricing of risky assets.