The strike negotiations marked the first time a sitting president intervened in a strike, citing national safety as the reason.

An important component of American industrial development since the early nineteenth century, coal has provided energy to industry and remained a major source of electrical power into the early twenty-first century.

Along with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the Clayton Antitrust Act protected competition in the marketplace by proscribing various anticompetitive business practices.

Clay’s system helped define the nature and drive the development of U.S. business from the nineteenth through the twenty-first centuries.

During the U.S. Civil War, the Union government demonstrated its capacity to raise large sums of money, and it established a national currency, a national banking system, and the nation’s first income tax.

Christmas is the most celebrated holiday in the United States and accounts for a large percentage of retailers’ annual sales.

Using its constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce, the U.S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to outlaw segregation in public accommodations involved in interstate commerce, to declare discrimination in employment illegal, and to establish the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

After losing more than $200 million in 1978 and nearly the same amount in just the first quarter of 1979, the Chrysler Corporation was on the verge of bankruptcy.

Trade between communist China and the United States went from nearly nonexistent to hundreds of billions of dollars of imports in the twenty-first century, making China a major U.S. trading partner and a key supplier of many goods.

Child product safety laws, by requiring warning labels and prohibiting harmful components or design elements, protect young people from potentially dangerous toys and other products, while adding expenses to manufacturers creating and marketing those products.

Children were a cheap, submissive source of labor for textile, mining, glass, and other industries in the United States until the early twentieth century, when social reformbegan to produce legislation that protected children from unfair or unsafe working conditions and from other forms of exploitation by employers.

Chemicals have played an important role in the development and modern prosperity of the United States and of various businesses.

The family of César Chávez ran a small farm and a local store in Yuma, Arizona, but with the onset of the Great Depression, his family lost everything.

The United States has long been a world leader in the production and exportation of cereal crops, especially corn.

The advent of catalog shopping created a new source of revenue and a new business model for marketers and manufacturers, who emphasized to consumers the increased convenience and selection available when ordering products by mail.

Carver conducted scientific research on such crops as peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes, and pecans.

Andrew Carnegie immigrated to the United States with his humble Scottish family in 1848; they settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

Canals opened the American frontier, creating new markets for eastern factories and providing access to the raw materials in the Midwest.

Canada is the most important trading partner of the United States and the major export market for thirty-five U.S. states.

The gold rush era led to the creation of the institutions that still govern American mining, sparked the development of the American West, brought rapid population growth to Sacramento and San Francisco, and created demand for transcontinental railroads and telegraphs and for international shipping between California and all parts of the world.

The Cable News Network (CNN) was the brainchild of Atlanta, Georgia, media mogul Ted Turner.

The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) is a group of environmental, investor, and advocacy groups coordinating efforts to promote sustainable development practices.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is federation of businesses and business organizations coordinated at local, state, regional, and national levels.

Cycle time—the minimum amount of time necessary for a task or series of tasks to be completed—is usually associated with manufacturing systems and depends on whether tasks are accomplished in a series or as parallel units. For example, in a textile factory production of a shirt requires cutting, sewing, and packaging.